Fly ash is one of the residues generated in
combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash which does not rise is termed
bottom ash. In an industrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during combustion of
coal. Fly ash is generally captured from the chimneys of
coal-fired power plants, and together with
bottom ash removed from the bottom of the furnace is in this case jointly known as
coal ash. Depending upon the source and makeup of the coal being burned, the components of fly ash vary considerably, but all fly ash includes substantial amounts of
silicon dioxide (SiO
2) (both
amorphous and
crystalline) and
calcium oxide (CaO), both being endemic ingredients in many coal-bearing
rock strata.
Toxic constituents depend upon the specific
coal bed makeup, but may include one or more of the following elements or substances in quantities from trace amounts to several percent:
arsenic,
beryllium,
boron,
cadmium,
chromium,
chromium VI,
cobalt,
lead,
manganese,
mercury,
molybdenum,
selenium,
strontium,
thallium, and
vanadium, along with
dioxins and
PAH compounds.
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